Tweet on Twitter. The letter is incomplete: What has survived is a segment about 4. About Rabbi Mendy and Sarala Goldshmidt | Tel: 6681 824 0588 | 6677 414 180 | Contact Us Location 39/8 Moo 3 T. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This adapted tahara ritual, performed at a distance from the deceased, has been crafted with the utmost care for the neshamah. Learn about the history and significance of Pesach (Passover), including the story of the Exodus and the symbolism of the Seder. PESACH 2020/5780 . The food is amazing! the programs are so much fun. org sfjc. Pesach (Passover) begins on the night of the fifteenth day of the month of Nissan and lasts for eight days. Date of Death: Tue. . Pesach – Letters of Courage Apr 10, 2017, 1:11 AM Edit; Facebook; Twitter; email; Print; 0; Please note that the posts on The Blogs are contributed by third parties. Host your publication on your website or blog with just a few clicks. 195 views, 7 likes, 1 loves, 0 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Congregation Chevra Thilim: Passover Master class: Prepare to lead a SederThe Rabbi. See CONTACT page for details. Rabbi Jonathan Case, Spiritual Leader at Beth Shalom Synagogue. Chevra Seuda 5782. Services will be led by Rabbi Asher Jacobson Chevra Events. Rosh Yeshivas Mir Hagaon HaRav Eliezer Yehuda Finkel on Sunday called for yeshivah bochurim from abroad to remain in Israel for Pesach since their ability to return to yeshivah once they fly home. Four Jewish groups say they are the first in New York City to establish a chevra kadisha, or burial society, associated with the Reform movement. He is also calling on all Shuls to. Yes, this would be the first Yom Tov to be done in lockdown; but more than that, this would be Pesach in lockdown. The term chevra kadisha ( Hebrew: חֶבְרָה קַדִּישָׁא) [1] gained its modern sense of "burial society" in the nineteenth century. About Us. Ongoing Classes. Also called Chag HaMatzot (the Festival of Matzah), it commemorates the Exodus and freedom of the Israelites from ancient Egypt. Growing up in Brooklyn, NY, Bracha began playing piano at the age of 6 and later trained with renowned vocal coaches. prev next . After a Jew dies, a burial society, known in Aramaic as the chevra kadisha (literally, “holy society”) prepares the body for interment. The Chevra Gemach provides discreet and dignified financial assistance and free loans to volunteers of community organizations and to employees of public service organizations. The Month of Elul - August 21 - September 18, 2020. F. 51 St & 8Th Ave Corp; Dba : Loews Coronado Bay Resort, et al. In September 2020, Rabbi Levi Duchman established the UAE’s first local kashrut certification agency and effectively opened the UAE and the Gulf to the world of Kosher food. Bank: Standard Bank JHB. : CKC DATE RANGE: 1904-2014 EXTENT: 14cm of textual records ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY: The Chevra Kadisha, literally the Holy Society, is Calgary’s Jewish burial society, and the Jewish community’s oldest organization. Scholar-In-Residence. Join Pesach with the Chevrah! Call today to book 1-800-289-4062 Click here to download all Rav Schachter's COVID-19 piskei halacha in a single pdf file, including a table of contents, Issues Pertaining to the Observance of Purim During COVID-19 (2021) Lighting Chanukah Candles in Shul This Year (2020) The Timing of Birkas Kohanim, and Eating in the Sukkah, on Simchas Torah (2020) Hoshanos, Hakafos, and. Candles are lit ( after night has fallen) from a pre-existing. Pesach With The Chevrah 2023 Passover Program in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic…Check out the myriad of options for your Passover Vacation: For luxury Pesach vacations: Consider a Passover program in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, or on the Amalfi Coast in. Men attend to male remains, while women attend to female remains. Rosh Hashana 2020-5781 Aleinu Magazine Download Aleinu. 2016. The Passover Seder (/ ˈ s eɪ d ər /; Hebrew: סדר פסח [ˈseder ˈpesaχ], 'Passover order/arrangement'; Yiddish: סדר) is a ritual feast at the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. We will be enjoying Pesach 2021 while thinking about Pesach 2020 (and while actively dreaming of Pesach 2022). georges lebar ranch. the people that run the program are very friendly. . The atmosphere and activities (kids and adults) were non stop. Check out the Weiss brothers from Nesher for your Pesach catering! They provide home delivery and have a loaded menu, view down below. More Info on Pesach Vacation. With Passover only one month away, people are wondering about the Passover programs. ALL EVENTS. This case was filed in San Diego County. Jews of color (or Jews of colour) is a neologism, primarily used in North America, that describes Jews from non-white racial and ethnic backgrounds, whether mixed-race, adopted, Jews by conversion, or part of national or geographic populations (or a combination of these) that are non-white. It is an organization of Jewish men and women who see to it that the bodies of deceased Jews are prepared for burial according to Jewish tradition and are protected from desecration. The society, which. , the purification and ritualistic cleansing of the remains). Rosh Hashono 5783. Pesach 2022, the Chabad House moved into its permanent location a few blocks away with a community hall, Synagogue, and restaurant. Passover, which begins in 2020 after sundown on April 8, commemorates the. The Chevra` Project Lev; Geriatric Psychiatrist Home Visits; Medical Equipment Gemach. The day of the funeral is counted as the first day and on the seventh day, Shiva ends early, just after the morning service. KOSHER UN FREILICHIN PESACH! wishes you and your family a Chevra Simchas Shabbos V'Yom Tov Feeding Crown Heights families since 1977Pesach Shiur 5781 (Shabbos Erev Pesach) Rosh Hashono 5782. NISSAN 5780 / APRIL 2020. Date of Death: Wed. The Torah calls it chodesh ha-aviv —the month of spring, as it marks the beginning of the spring months. Passover (Hebrew: פֶּסַח Pesach) commemorates the story of the Exodus, in which the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt. Thu, 9 April sunset - Thu, 28 May nightfall. Passover Seder Saturday, April 16 on Zoom: Set your table for the holiday and let’s get ready to rejoice together in our liberation! Our virtual community seder will take place on the second night, and it is open to members and non-members alike. By Beth Harpaz April 7, 2023. They take literally minutes to make and loved by all. Thu, 9 April sunset - Thu, 28 May nightfall. •. Mesa Arizona, Scottsdale Arizona, Phoenix Arizona, Flagstaff Arizona. 5. Also featuring. Non-Gebrokts, Matzah Shmura, Cholov Yisroel, Chasidishe Shechita. Feed a family for half of Yom Tov. A page from Elia Levita's Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German dictionary (16th century) including the word goy (גוי), translated to Latin as ethnicus, meaning heathen or pagan. (Tax ID: 20-0780201) Make Tax Deductible Donations Payable to: CSSY. Comedian, Joel Chasnoff – February 2016. Sep 19, 2020 Mesamche Lev a major source of help during COVID crisis Read More Apr 18, 2019 In the Spirit of Reb Shaya’la zatzal Read MoreHelp Chabad Chevra in these extraordinary times. Jewish hollidays for 2020 and any given year. Bophut | Chaweng Beach, Koh Samui, | Surrattanni 84320 | ThailandSeason with salt, pepper, granulated garlic and granulated onion. By. The most exclusive Pesach cuisine program by Main Event Mauzone. Every contribution, both large and small, is vital and welcome. Catered by the Crown Market. PESACH [email protected] South African Rand. " Payments to YINN by Credit Card can be made by telephoning the Hon. The Institute is grateful to Michael Elias of Kew. This week, he reflects on this week's Torah portion, Shemini Sh. Passover Guide; Passover. The term chevra kadisha ( Hebrew: חֶבְרָה קַדִּישָׁא) [1] gained its modern sense of "burial society" in the nineteenth century. Save. ) Beautiful resort exclusively for Chevrah guests at the VH Atmosphere Beach Resort Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic. , Los Angeles, CA 90046 (323) 654-8415 (800) 654-6772 (818) 772-6570 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Hatzalah ( / hətˈsʌlə /; Hebrew: הַצָּלָה, lit. The Chevra - The Scroll April 2018 Magazine - Free download as PDF File (. org shabbosvayechi. 0541 US Dollar 1 US Dollar = 18. Beginning with the Musaf Amidah, we recite morid hatal, the prayer for dew, and we omit the prayer for rain. Select as many recipients as you wish for a single donation. For over 40 years, the original founder of the Chevrah have been defining the ultimate Pesach experience. B. If you haven't arranged to have your chametz sold, please contact one of the Rabbis ASAP to. Danny Siegel – September 2016. The Perfect Glatt Kosher Pesach 2023 Programs in Europe!. Non-Gebrokts, Matzah Shmura, Cholov Yisroel, Chasidishe Shechita. Tiferet Schafler - 1 Nisan 5780 – March 25, 2020. 94K +1179-36. Tuesday, April 14th Mincha/Maariv 7:15pm Candle Lighting 7:17pm Sefirah may be counted after 7:35 pm Wednesday, April 15th Sof Zman Kriat. The “Passover Letter” was addressed to Yadaniyah (aka Jedoniah), the Jewish leader of Elephantine. We welcome your suggestions for making this page more complete. Pesach. The chevra kadisha treats the body with utmost respect, uncovering the body only as necessary and even begging for forgiveness for the intrusion. $1,200. Click here for the Shabbat October 27-28, 2023 Bulletin. Rinat Pesach Guide - click here. The Chevra will be conducting a family pre Seder on Zoom, on Wednesday April 8th at 5pm, where all our members and friends can come together and celebrate. $18,000. Scholar-In-Residence. 4. 0 5 Ratings. PESACH ANNOUNCEMENTS • Since the first and last days of Pesach fall on Shabbos, it is our Minhag: • To say Mey’ein Sheva even on the 1st night (just as on any other Friday night). The Chevra Kadisha, literally the “sacred fellowship” is the volunteer group that performs the final rites and burial preparations for. In this update, we will offer some. When a soul completes its mission and returns to its place Above, it is the members of the chevrah kaddisha who help it along. Comedian, Joel Chasnoff-April 2018. Our Family Crisis Intervention Program, directed by David Lefkowitz, PhD and Estie Klein, MHC, offers hands-on assistance, big brother and big sister mentoring and counseling. Preview. The kosher for Passover symbol indicates that the item is kosher for Passover. All reactions: 5 The chevra kadisha should now formulate its rules, regulations, and standards, specifying the type of caskets, shrouds, and so forth, which will be used. The other members were Rav Hillel Klein and Rav Moshe Zevulin Margolies. It is they who carry out our traditions and conduct the taharah, ensuring that. Feed 6 families this Pesach. Posted on August 4, 2020 August 16, 2021 by Bigguy55. The ritual purification involves a gentle pouring of water over the body and the recitation of a tradi- tional chant. Browse Bracha's music to find the perfect jKaraoke songs for you. 2018 Chevra Kaddisha Memorial Tribute Reflections on Yom Yerushlayim - 5777 Daf Yomi Around the World 5777March 15, 2020 2:03 am. And so I write this blog as a tribute to the exemplary example my father had set for me. Chassidus@CAY - Countlng the Omer, the Journey from Pesach to Mattan TorahChevra Shaas ; Battat Hall ; Bridal Room. The Seder plate (Hebrew: ke'arah קְעָרָה) is the focal point of the proceedings on the first (two) night (s) of Passover. Preview. But Leff sees the obstacles as chance for Jewish ritual to bring people together in a new way. Sanzer Rebbe: Don’t Fret About Cleaning For Pesach. South African Rand. Share on Facebook. Passover Edition of “Kugels & Collards” – 2021. How to Keep Fried Foods Fresh and Crispy. He is genius author, he generate creative ideas for marketing skills. Bikur Cholim does just that. YU Pesach-To-Go. Articles. A synagogue is a building, a structure of mortar and wood, but a congregation is what endows the synagogue with meaning. 5 inches long (11. A Passover seder dinner table on the eve of the Jewish holiday. g. ” Chevra Kadisha attends to all of the elements of proper Orthodox Jewish disposition of remains, including performing the “Tahara’ (i. As the years passed,, the social function diminished as its members. We returned. Bracha is not just a talented singer, but also a wife, mother and nurse practitioner. South African Rand. 1- Although not absolutely critical, an effort should be made to measure out the Shiurim for Matza and Maror the “Kazaysim ” prior to Yomtov on Erev Shabbos. 34 likes. All meals will be Glatt and Kosher for Passover. 16 Nisan - 5 Sivan 5780. Also called Sefirat HaOmer, it is a practice that consists of a verbal counting of each of the forty-nine days between the two holidays. June 1, 1915 - Sivan 19 5675 Anyone with biographical information is asked to please send it in. It is conducted throughout the world on the eve of the 15th day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar (i. Many people may assume the physical and spiritual care of a person ends at the time of. Learning & Values. ɪ m /, גוים or גויים ) is a term for a gentile, a non-Jew. Healthy and Meaningful Passover. The Sacred Society // Meet the women of the Chevra Kaddisha. No moment in the Haggadah better expresses the arduous journey from last Pesach,. Shavuot – An Ancient Tradition. It means changing the lives of forlorn children, who so. This year as we all know the first day of our Chag Hamatzos/Yomtov Pesach falls out on Shabbos, this necessitates a few adjustments to our regular way of doing things going into Yomtov. His interests encompassed in articles and. About. Legendary and one of a kind. Our websites nasck. The Torah calls it chodesh ha-aviv —the month of spring, as it marks the beginning of the spring months. 00 EDT. Seeking to unite the growing Orthodox Jewish community under the banner of Halacha and Mitzvah observance, they joined together to create an organization that would strengthen and maintain the institutions of a Torah community. Beth Shalom Synagogue, located in Columbia, the capital city of South Carolina, is a conservative, egalitarian synagogue, home to some 300 families. Add Listing Sign In. The VHQ has arranged. Bracha Jaffe. Add the balsamic vinegar. In the event of a death, you should inform the Chevra Kadisha on 011 321 0000 code 4284 or 083 704 3994 and our Synagogue office on 011 783 7117. Thursday Night Chumash Shiurim . Two pools blocked by mechitzas for full time separate swimming and a semi private beach. Kiryat Shaul opened in 1949, Holon in 1976 and Yarkon about 1990. On 09/14/2009 51 St 8Th Ave Corp filed a Contract - Other Contract lawsuit against Pesach with the Chevra 5768 LLC. Stephen Tatham is a highly prolific writer. Also called Sefirat HaOmer, it is a practice that consists of a verbal counting of each of the forty-nine days between the two holidays. April 6th, 7th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th. now viewing. Passover Programs 2024 Directory – Pesach Programs, Passover Hotels, Pesach Vacations & Pesach Resorts חופשות וחבילות נופש כשר לפסח , חופשה כשרה – פסח Passover Listings LLC does not remove reviews for payment. According to Jewish tradition, Jewish burial. more . The Chevrah Kadisha is the oldest Jewish organisation in Johannesburg and the largest Jewish welfare organisation on the African continent. Pesach for Hebrew Year 5782 began in the Diaspora on Friday, 15 April 2022 and ended on Saturday, 23 April 2022 . 2016. Save. Passover Programs. About Us. Comedian, Joel Chasnoff-April 2018. Four Jewish groups say they are the first in New York City to establish a chevra kadisha, or burial society, associated with the Reform movement. com. Passover Programs. Click here for the Shabbat November 10-11, 2023 Bulletin. Ditchek, is calling on all parents – in all Jewish communities – NOT send their children to Yeshiva, and to demand that they close immediately. Also called Chag HaMatzot (the Festival of Matzah), it commemorates the Exodus and freedom of the Israelites from ancient Egypt. Start here! Read. About Us. 2020. Make someone’s day and make a difference. Here is the order: matzah, the zeroa (shankbone), egg, bitter herbs, charoset paste and karpas. Remove cover and stir the mixture well. Please click a link below for the appropriate week's bulletin and announcements. Directions to Kever: Block: 23, Gate 16, Society: HUNGARIAN CHEVRA, near. Depending on the specific Jewish tradition and the. org. for more info visit. Rabbi Adler's Kashering Shiur - click here. Oct 2019 - Oct 2020 1 year 1 month. Fresh Passover Lunches Provided by the University of Hartford. Please make cheques payable to "Young Israel of North Netanya Synagogue. Originally a simple soi with low-priced guesthouses, cheap restaurants and curbside. Register or Buy Tickets, Price information. (But bring your own wine. 80. 23 NOVEMBER 2023 | 10 KISLEV 5784. Please contact us at [email protected] or (435) 619-6630 for mailing address. Passover ( Pesach) commemorates the emancipation of the Israelites from slavery in ancient Egypt. When did Passover celebrations begin in 2020? Note that in the Jewish calander, a holiday begins on the sunset of the previous day, so observing Jews celebrated Passover on the sunset of Wednesday, the. Share on Facebook. National Association of Chevra Kadisha 85-18 117th Street Richmond Hill, New York, 11418 718 847-6280. Thus, if the funeral was at any time on Wednesday, Shiva would end on Tuesday morning. Rinat Pesach Guide - click here. Cemetery: Mount Hebron Cemetery - Kew Gardens Hills (Main Street) Cemetery Details. The day of the funeral is counted as the first day and on the seventh day, Shiva ends early, just after the morning service. STAR 2020 PESACH DIRECTORY 2020 PET FOOD LIST 2020 PET FOOD LIST The following is a list of pet foods approved for Passover 2020 when produced in the U. Remove cover and stir the mixture well. the price is very reasonable for what you get. This Rokeach product is labelled kosher and also kosher for Pesach all the year round. The letter is incomplete: What has survived is a segment about 4. By. Membership is on a volunteer-only basis. Since formulas are subject to change, make sure. COMING UP. Pesach Sheini (2020) Saying Birchas Ha'gomel With a Minyan Assembled Over Zoom (2020) Saying Birchas Ilanos, and. It’s the quickest way to connect with friends and family all over the world. Israel went out of Egypt into the desolate desert of Sinai with no visible means of sustenance. 212-769-4811 (night) Riverside Memorial Chapel. You will be amazed to learn how much the Torah is alive and relevant in the Royal. Jewish families are making plans to enjoy outings over chol hamoed — the days in between the first two and final two days of Passover — and. Pesach Budget 5782-2022. Up to date Pesach Destinations guide - Passover Hotels in the USA,. Find your dream Pesach vacation. Oct 2019 - Oct 2020 1 year 1 month. contact 011 483 7432 or. The trips during Hol Hamoed were unique! The food was absolutely amazing and the quantity was abundant. Come and go as you please! Delicious gourmet fall foods! Pumpkin pie, apple crisp, and more! If you need a place to stay for Shabbat, please email us at chabad@hartford. Chabad Jewish Community Center of Southern Utah is a registered 501(c)3 non profit organization EIN: 83-0584833. Without hesitation, we’re making life continue. Come to Chabad Chevra @ 100 Bloomfield Ave at 7:00pm for services followed by dinner. Author. Jewish tradition regards it as exceptionally meritorious to join a chevra kadisha, particularly. The main observances of this holiday are the S eder (meaning “order”), which includes a festive meal; the prohibition on eating chametz. These guidelines were updated on March 25, 2020. To wish somebody a “kosher and joyous Passover” in Hebrew, it would be “chag Pesach kasher vesame’ach. In Scripture (Leviticus 23:9-14) we find Firstfruits—the beginning of the barley harvest. The holiday of Passover this year (2024) begins at sundown on Monday, April 22nd and ends on Tuesday night, April 30, 2024 (Monday night, April 29th in Israel). Chevra pesach program Jan 2021 - Apr 2021 4 months. , Portland. Many people may assume the physical and spiritual care of a person ends at the time of. The deceased is dressed in tachrichim (simple white burial gar- ments), wrapped in a. Bio Information: Rav Wein was a founding member of the Rabbi Isaac Elchonon Theological Seminary (RIETS) Smicha Board established in 1906. With over 135 Passover Hotels to choose from - Resorts and hotels in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Netanya, north, with kosher for Passover cruises. Learn and discuss Torah, its messages, and influence on everyday life with Rabbi Stan Davids. Rabbi Moshe Chaim of Yeshiva Aish HaTorah is an expert Jewish educator, specializing in teaching about happiness, personal development, and many deep aspects of the mystical Torah. The synagogue split from the more reform temple in 1905 and at that time was composed of immigrant families from eastern Europe. Congregation Chevra Thilim, 751 25th Ave. The goal of this project is twofold: to preserve the memory of departed Gedolei Yisrael, and to provide a place to turn to in time of need to those who may not have the opportunity to travel. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Jewish Practice. September 23, 2020. November 16, 1929 - Cheshvan 13 5690About. Mikvah Keilim: The keilim mikvah has been closed. Our broad selection of shiurim appeals to all; from the fledgling talmid chochom to the experienced lamdan. Candle lighting is at 7:14 pm. It all began with a magical event that awakened the consciousness of our “chevra. Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. 400 – Crown Heights families. Branch Code: 000 205. On Passover, when everyone is busy trying to keep their homes (and themselves) leaven-free and kosher for Passover, we wish each other a “ kosher and joyous Passover. Jewels – Elul 2. The final days of Passover 2024 begin before sunset on April 28 and end after nightfall on April 30. A sheafPassover Party Mix. From Norfolk and Portsmouth Directory, Hill Directory Co. Passover Potpourri We sometimes think that Passover is limited to the Seder. Amazing Pesach Experience. As many people are unable to be together physically due to COVID-19, sending Passover memes can be a great way to share some humor and virtual connection for Passover 2020 (or 5780 on the Hebrew calendar). Bracha is not just a talented singer, but also a wife, mother and nurse practitioner. Shmurah Matzah $35,000. Ongoing Classes ; Daf Yomi. org has rounded up various family Haggadot (plural of Haggadah) recommended by the Early Childhood Educators of Reform Judaism and the Families with Young Children staff of the Union for Reform Judaism. Coat matzo shards and mixed nuts with a spiced brown sugar–soy glaze and bake until caramelized for a salty-sweet-savory eminently edible party mix. com; 215-832-0740. Pesach 2007. FFH is the best pesach program i have been too, they think of anything and everything you might need for pesach. 5237 Clanranald, Montreal, Canada. And preparation for Passover will begin on April 9 (this is Thursday). September 24, 1952 - Tishrei 5 5713. Find your dream Pesach vacation. Pesach – The Bread of Faith Rabbi Eli Mansour Towards the beginning of the Seder, before we begin reading the Maggid section, we break the middle Masa on the table. Through Yiddish, the word has been adopted into English (pl. : goyim / ˈ ɡ ɔɪ. Brooklyn, NY 11225. Turn the vent to release pressure. Pesach 2020. . Even in a “desert” a place in which one would least expect it, the Torah is pertinent and applicable. Following the 1905 split, the primarily orthodox members formed the. The other members were Rav Hillel Klein and Rav Moshe Zevulin Margolies. _aChevrah Gemara was a city-wide chevra (interest group) which met to study the sacred scriptures. $712,317: $523,886: 36%: Program services: $0: $0-Investment income and dividends: $0: $0-Tax. Legendary and one of a kind family programming and nightly entertainment. [1] Most local branches operate independently of each other, but use. Carnival Pesach 2009. Whether it is an ornate silver dish or a humble napkin, it bears the ceremonial foods around which the Seder is based. In Bond Book #7, page 370, we find the first permit for a Chevra T'helim rabbi. In modern Hebrew and Yiddish goy (/ ɡ ɔɪ /; גוי , pl. A TORAH FOR HEALING New Torah Uniting Jews All Over Ignites Hope & Spreads Healing. Wednesday - Friday : $150 Minimum of nonsale. Thank you. Avraham Fried Pesach 2009. It’s the quickest way to connect with friends and family all over the world. Preheat oven to 350˚F and line a baking dish. Passover Guide in light of COVID-19 Needless to say, this year’s Passover will offer new and particularly complicated challenges to the many observances associated with holiday. contact 011 483 7432 or. PS: Pesach Yom Tov begins Wednesday April 8th. Sincerely, Benzion Stock. About Us; Our Team; Kosher GPS; Advertise; Subscribe; Travel. This process, called tahara (purification), involves the ritual cleaning of the corpse, by men for males and by women for females. Most congregations do not. The Rabbinical Alliance of America-Igud HaRabbonim, representing over 950 American Orthodox Rabbis announces proclamation appreciating Chevra Kadisha heroic efforts during the Covid Pandemic.